Differences when considering places try taken into account by the fixed effects ?
The fresh new cousin repaired consequences describe 65% of version when you look at the degree within shot
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between brightwomen.net klikkaa tГ¤tГ¤ sivustoa, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Within our sample there are 676 sisters, regarding who 302 have been ple (because they come from a family in which one girl is actually married very early) keeps dads having significantly lower informative attainment, may end up being Muslim, as they are very likely to are now living in outlying elements
If we explore the fresh the total amount that province and you can village repaired outcomes just take differences in societal and monetary disadvantage from the exploring the capacity to describe version inside educational attainment, we discover the village repaired consequences determine more than 30% of type, a bit more than the 3% explained by the state repaired outcomes. A lot of version was yet not contained in this towns.
I first introduce estimations you to handle getting state*time-wave FE and village*time-trend FE. I next wade a step further because of the presenting show where we imagine sis repaired effects patterns the spot where the coefficients is projected away from evaluations away from sisters, certainly which had married early as well as the other exactly who performed perhaps not. This testing regulation for all family attributes, both observable and unobservable, knowledgeable by sisters age.grams., household members records. It however cuts down on this new take to. Such email address details are therefore best read as being relevant so you’re able to property regarding even more traditional minimizing socio-monetary households. Footnote ten
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.